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Critical Points & Extrema Calculator

Locate critical points of f(x), classify each as a local maximum, local minimum, or saddle with the second-derivative test, and find inflection points.

Enter f(x) using x as the variable and the x-range to search for critical and inflection points.

About this tool

The Critical Points & Extrema Calculator is a free, in-browser tool that analyses the shape of a curve y = f(x). It finds the critical points — the x-values where the first derivative f′(x) equals zero (horizontal tangents) — by scanning the search interval for sign changes of f′ and refining each with bisection. Both the first and second derivatives are computed numerically, so you can enter any function of x without differentiating it yourself.

Everything is calculated locally in your browser, so nothing you type is uploaded. Enter the function using x as the variable (for example x^3 - 3*x, sin(x), or x^4 - 2*x^2) and a search interval, and the tool lists each critical point with its coordinates (x, f(x)) and its classification. Each critical point is classified with the second-derivative test: f″ > 0 means a local minimum (concave up), f″ < 0 means a local maximum (concave down), and when f″ is near zero it falls back to a first-derivative sign-change test to distinguish an extremum from a saddle/inflection.

The calculator also finds inflection points — where the concavity flips, i.e. f″(x) changes sign — and reports them in the same table sorted by x. This is the standard curve-sketching toolkit from calculus I. For f(x) = x³ − 3x it finds a local maximum at x = −1 (value 2), a local minimum at x = 1 (value −2), and an inflection point at x = 0.

Frequently asked questions

What is a critical point?
A critical point of f is an x-value where f′(x) = 0 or f′ is undefined — that is, where the tangent is horizontal or the derivative fails to exist. Local maxima and minima of a smooth function can only occur at critical points.
How does the second-derivative test work?
At a critical point x_c, if f″(x_c) > 0 the curve is concave up so it is a local minimum; if f″(x_c) < 0 it is concave down so a local maximum. If f″(x_c) = 0 the test is inconclusive and this tool falls back to checking the sign of f′ on either side.
What is an inflection point?
An inflection point is where the concavity of the curve changes, meaning the second derivative f″(x) changes sign. The calculator finds these by scanning for sign changes of f″ and refining them, and lists them alongside the critical points.
Why do I set a search interval?
Numerical scanning looks for critical and inflection points only within the x-range you specify. Widen the interval to catch points farther out, or narrow it to focus on a region. Points exactly at the interval edges may be missed, so include some margin.

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